INTRODUCTION:

With the current wellspring of the production of electricity either polluting or non-reusable (for example: Coal, petroleum products, and so on) scan for a perfect, reusable wellspring of energy has caused a spike an enthusiasm for the investigation of piezoelectricity. Mechanical vibration is an energy that is wasted and which is usually around most machines and the movement of biological systems. The proposal of vibration-to-electricity transformation was proposed by Williams and Yates. Basically, there are three instruments to gather electrical energy from the vibration energy: electrostatic, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric. Piezoelectricity is the presence of electric potential over the sides of the crystal when exposed to mechanical pressure.

Consequently, by utilizing human movements, developments of cars, piezoelectricity can be produced to a financially usable degree. The ongoing improvement of ultra-low force microelectronic gadgets has prompted the plan of self-power gadgets utilizing energy harvesting techniques. Energy harvesting is a technique to produce electrical force from regular (environmentally friendly power) energy sources, for example solar, wind, wave energy, and hydro-power for high force production in megawatts, though vibration, geothermal, light, and RF for low force power generation in milliwatts. Piezoelectricity, which is derived from the Greek word "squeeze or press", depicts materials in which electric charge (power) is produced because of mechanical stress. Truly, the direct piezoelectric impacts were found by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880 in generation by crystals, for example, quartz. From that point forward, piezoelectric materials have gotten far-reaching as incited strain transducers throughout the most recent couple of decades.

The piezoelectric materials that exist normally as quartz, which have properties for the creation of power in exceptionally little amount, be that as it may, contrast with quartz, counterfeit piezoelectric materials, for example, PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate) present favorable attributes of producing greater electricity. With the advancement in technology, Japan has already begun testing the utilization of piezoelectric effect for energy production by introducing unique ground surface tiles at its capitals two busiest stations. Tiles are introduced before ticket entryways. In this way every time a traveler steps on mats, they trigger a little vibration that can be reserved as energy. Energy therefore created by a single traveler increased by many occasions over by the 400,000 individuals who use Tokyo station on a normal day, as indicated by East Japan Railway, which produces adequate energy to illuminate electronic billboards.

A typical individual gauging 60 kg will make simply 0.1 watts in the single second required to make two steps over the tile, anyway when they are covering a gigantic zone of floor space and a large number of individuals are venturing or hopping on them, at that point a lot of energy can be produced. This energy made is adequate to run automated ticket doors and electronic presentations. Piezoelectricity envelops the two sorts of straight electro-mechanical coupling: the direct piezoelectric effect and the opposite piezoelectric impact as appeared. The direct piezoelectric effect creates an electrical charge because of applied mechanical pressure or strain. Right now, structures inside create electric polarization which is directly relative to mechanical stress/pressure inside the constrained scope of twisting conduct. The opposite piezoelectric effect produces mechanical strain when an electrical voltage (or electrical field) is applied in a specific way. Right now, are introducing another plan approach is actualized in Energy harvesting using prototype floor tile.

Figure 1: Effects of Piezo

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Naturally Occurring Crystals:

1. Quartz:

Quartz chemically consists of one-part silicon and two parts oxygen. It is an abundantly distributed mineral and consists mainly of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Minor debasements, for example, lithium, sodium, potassium, and titanium is available. The piezoelectric coefficient d = 3 × 10 -12 for Quartz. It is used for glass making, abrasive, foundry sand, hydraulic fracturing proppant, gemstones.

2. Sucrose:

Sucrose, also called table sugar is an organic compound, colourless sweet-tasting crystals that dissolve in water. Invert sugar is yielded when sucrose is synthesized by the enzyme invertase, forms a mixture of glucose and fructose, which are basically monosaccharides. Sugarcanes, sugarbeets, sugar maple sap, dates are the major sources where we can find sucrose. It is produced commercially in large amounts and is used almost entirely as food.

3. Rochelle salt:

Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (KNaC4H4O6.4H2O) is a double salt of tartaric acid first by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France. Potassium sodium tartrate is one of the primary materials found to display piezoelectricity. The piezoelectric behavior of Rochelle Sale makes it useful in sensitive acoustical and vibrational devices. These essential properties are put to use in electromechanical transducers, for example, ultrasonic generators, mouthpieces, and phonograph pickups and in electromechanical resonators.

4. Topaz:

Topaz, that is esteemed as a gemstone is a silicate mineral. It is a source of aluminum silicate consisting of fluorine and has a chemical formula of Al2 (F, OH)2SiO4. When fluorine-bearing vapors give off during the final phases of the crystallization of igneous rocks, aluminum silicate is formed.

5. Tourmaline:

Tourmaline, borosilicate mineral of complex and variable composition. Three sorts of tourmaline, recognized by the power of specific components, are generally perceived: iron tourmaline (schorl), dark in shading; magnesium tourmaline (dravite), darker; and salt tourmaline, which might be pink (rubellite), green (Brazilian emerald), or vapid (achroite). A couple of stones are pink hued toward one side and green at the opposite side; concentric concealing zoning may in like manner occur. The coloured varieties, when transparent and free from flaws, are cut as gems.

6. Berlinite:

Berlinite or aluminium phosphate (AlPO4) is a rare high-temperature hydrothermal or metasomatic phosphate mineral. With respect to the polytype isostructural with α–quartz (which is of low temperature) and β–quartz (whcih is of high temperature), it forms a similar crystal type structure as quartz. Berlinite can shift from dull to grayish or pale pink and has translucent precious stones.

Man Made Crystals:

1. Gallium orthophosphate:

Gallium Orthophosphate, GaPO4, created in the 1980s, is a solitary crystal material which is extremely fundamental for the generation and plan of high-temperature sensors. The material is simply piezoelectric (no pyroelectric release) and has phenomenal high-temperature properties up to 970° C, with amazing dependability of numerous physical constants. Additionally, the material has high electric resistivity and a pretty high piezoelectric constant and sensitivity. Different edges of direction are accessible and component sizes are around 1"diameter.

2. Langasite:

Langasite La3Ga5SiO14 crystals (LGS), otherwise called Lanthanum gallium silicate, has its structure having a place with the space group P321, point group 32. LGS is a piezoelectric material with no transitions in its phases and has a melting point of 1470 °C. LGS has the estimation of the electromechanical coupling coefficient, which is between that of a quartz precious stone and that of lithium tantalate crystal. The Piezoelectric Constant of LGS is about 5.66 pC/N.

Piezoelectric Ceramics:

1. Barium titanate (BaTiO3):

Three key revelations brought forth the fields of ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity in polycrystalline ceramic materials. Finding an amazingly high relative permittivity in BT was the first key revelation. The second was the acknowledgment that the high relative permittivity was associated with the hidden wonder of ferroelectricity. The third was the revelation of the polling procedure for polycrystalline materials. The dielectric constant and the loss of barium titanate and barium-strontium titanate have been estimated at particular field strengths from 0 to 5 megavolts per meter, at temperatures ranging from -50°C to +135°C and at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 25 megacycles.

2. Lead titanate (PbTiO3):

Unadulterated lead titanate, PbTiO3, isn't industrially utilized as a piezoelectric material yet, can be either changed or structure strong answers for acquiring materials with magnificent piezoelectric properties. The vast majority of the piezoelectrics by and by misused industrially are strong arrangements dependent on lead titanate. Right now, the structure and fundamental properties of PbTiO3 are introduced. PbTiO3 is isomorphous at room temperature with another generally utilized ferroelectric perovskite, barium titanate (BaTiO3), there are numerous significant contrasts between the two materials.

3. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT):

Another material that shows an effective piezoelectric effect is Lead zirconate titanate (Pb [ZrxTi1-x] O3 0<x<1). PZT-based mixes are ceramic perovskite materials and are made out of the substance components lead and zirconium and the synthetic compound titanate which are consolidated under amazingly high temperatures. A mechanical channel is then used to sift through the particulates. Being piezoelectric, it builds up a voltage contrast across two of its appearances when packed (helpful for sensor applications), or genuinely changes shape when an outside electric field is applied (valuable for actuator applications).

4. Potassium niobate (KNbO3):

Piezoelectric properties of potassium niobate (KNbO3) single crystals were explored as a component of crystallographic directions. Completely poled KNbO3 gems were not gotten utilizing the traditional poling technique. Utilizing the 2-advance procedure; the first step for non-180° area switchings at higher temperatures under a low DC predisposition field, and the second step for 180° space switchings at lower temperatures under a high DC inclination field. Utilizing the 2-advance poling strategy, KNbO3 precious stones were effectively poled, and afterward, their piezoelectric properties of k31 modes were estimated, which indicated a piezoelectric steady of 18.4 pC/N.

5. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3):

LiNbO3 is generally utilized in different gadgets that is relevant to its prevalent elastic, piezoelectric, dielectric properties. LiNbO3 possesses exceptionally enormous electromechanical coupling coefficients, which are a few times bigger than those in quartz, and it has extremely low acoustic misfortunes. Due to its Curie temperature of 1142°C, it very well may be used as a high-temperature acoustic transducer, for example, an accelerometer for fly airplanes.

6. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3):

Unique electro-optical, pyroelectric and piezoelectric properties are exhibited by Lithium Tantalate combined with good mechanical and chemical stability and, wide transparency range and high optical damage threshold. This is the reason that makes LiTaO3 well-suited for numerous applications including electro-optical modulators, pyroelectric detectors, optical waveguide and SAW substrates, piezoelectric transducers.

7. Sodium tungstate (Na2WO4):

The Na2WO4 crystal is acquired by the customary solid-state reactions and portrayed by X - ray powder diffraction. The title material solidifies in the cubic framework with the Fd-3m space gathering. The electrical properties of the compound have been contemplated utilizing complex impedance spectroscopy in the recurrence scope of 200 Hz–5 MHz and temperature run 586–679 K, which chiefly makes this compound basic for piezoelectric effect.

Lead-free Piezoceramics:

1. Sodium potassium niobate (NaKNb):

Sodium potassium niobate (NaKNb) possess both OR and RH structures. The nearness of RH and PP NKN nanorods is clarified by the presence of OH− surrenders at the O2− locales of the NKN nanorods. The PP NKN nanorods developed on an Nb5+‐doped SrTiO3 substrate show the biggest piezoelectric strain consistent of 175 pm/V since they have a larger number of headings for dipole pivot than OR and RH NKN nanorods. Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) are integrated utilizing composites comprising of NKN nanorods with different structures and polydimethylsiloxane.

2. Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3):

Bismuth ferrite materials along with ceramics production and meager films have pulled in bunches of consideration due to their multi-useful functionalities. One of the conceivable gadgets uses of this material is one that uses the ferroelectric/piezoelectric property itself, for example, ferroelectric memory parts, actuators, etc. Different applications are all the more testing and utilize its multiferroic property to acknowledge novel spintronics and attractive memory gadgets, which can be tended to electrically just as attractively.

3. Sodium niobate (NaNbO3):

Generally, the hydrothermal method is the process used to prepare sodium niobate. Polar crystalline β-period of Polyvinylidene Fluoride, which is liable for the piezoelectric property, upgrades piezo properties from 52 to 75% by including the fitting amount of NaNbO3 nanorods into the PVDF lattice with no extra mechanical and electrical treatment. NaNbO3 nanorods not just encourage the arrangements of dipoles in PVDF yet in addition increment the piezoelectric properties of the nanocomposite because of natural piezoelectric properties of NaNbO3 nanorods.

Biological Piezoelectric Materials:

1. Tendon:

For the most part, the piezoelectric effect is the electromechanical transduction system on account of dry tissues, physiologically-moist cartilage, tendon, and bone additionally display a spilling potential, which seems to overwhelm in mechanical estimations.

2. Wood:

Wood is a piezo-active polymer. The most broadly acknowledged explanation given for the piezoelectric property in wood originates from the microfibrils that make up some portion of the cell divider structure. These rotundly molded structures, which have distances across in the 10–30 nm goes, comprise of locales with both equal and increasingly indistinct game plans of chains of cellulose particles.

3. Silk:

Silk strands were accounted for to display shear piezoelectricity under applied ductile pressure in the equal bearing to the fiber. The molecular arrangement in local silk fiber is basic to the creation of the piezoelectric impact in proteins.

4. Enamel:

In enamel, two all-around characterized bearings of pyroelectric conduct were certifiable: first, toward the longitudinal hub of the tooth—for example, corresponding to the general course of the collagen fibrils—and second, toward all the radii around the pulp cavity. The pyroelectric axes had a similar heading in all teeth of mandible and maxilla and stayed unaltered through life.

5. Dentin:

The piezoelectricity of dentin expanded with expanding dampness content. More noteworthy piezoelectricity was recognized corresponding to the tubules than vertical to the tubules. The dental tissues were seen as piezoelectric with coefficients of 0.027 and 0.028 pC/N, separately; the coefficient of human bone was multiple times more prominent (0.22 pC/N).

6. Collagen:

The piezoelectric idea of collagen-rich tissues has been known for quite a while yet the job of collagen piezoelectricity in the body has stayed tricky. Through association and communications on the nanometre to micrometer scales, collagen can work successfully in a wide assortment of tissue arrangements to give outstanding mechanical execution, tuned to particular applications.

Piezoelectric Polymers:

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF):

Polyvinylidene fluoride or essentially PVDF is one of the most significant semicrystalline polymers which produces piezoelectricity when weight or mechanical power applied to it. It has four crystalline stages α, β, ɣ, and δ relying upon the chain compliance structure. Among them, α is the nonpolar stage and β and ɣ are polar stages. Piezoelectricity in PVDF emerges due to the β and ɣ stage development. A few materials have been presented for the arrangement of nanogenerator. Among them, PVDF is the most fascinating material utilized in nanogenerator planning because of its adaptability, biocompatible, nontoxic in nature. It is utilized in nanogenerator applications because of its great ferroelectric, piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties.

Components required for the Circuit:

· Piezoelectric Sensor:

A piezoelectric sensor is a gadget that utilizes the piezoelectric impact to quantify changes in pressure, speeding up, temperature, strain, or power by changing over them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo-is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.

Figure 2: Piezoelectric Sensor

· LED (Blue):

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that produces light when current passes through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron gaps, discharging energy as photons. The shade of the light is determined by the power required for electrons to cross the band hole of the semiconductor.

Figure 3: LED

· Diode (1N4007):

A diode is a device which permits current course through just a single heading. That is the current ought to consistently spill out of the Anode to cathode. For 1N4007 Diode, the most extreme current conveying limit is 1A it withstands tops up to 30A. Subsequently we can utilize this in circuits that are intended for under 1A. The opposite current is 5uA which is unimportant. The force scattering of this diode is 3W.

Figure 4: Diode

· Capacitor (47uF):

A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a detached electronic segment with two terminals. The impact of a capacitor is known as capacitance.

Figure 5: Capacitor

· Resistor (1k):

A resistor is a latent two-terminal electrical part that actualizes electrical obstruction as a circuit component. In electronic circuits, resistors are utilized to lessen current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Figure 6: Resistor

· Push-button

A push-button or simply button is a simple switch mechanism to control some part of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal.

Figure 7: Push-button

· Connecting Wires

Connecting wires are needed for joining more than one component together.

Figure 8: Connecting Wires

· Breadboard

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics.

Figure 9: Breadboard

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 10: Circuit Diagram

Process Design:

Figure 11: Schematic representation of piezoelectric devices

The above picture depicts the single level of-opportunity (SDOF) schematic portrayal of piezoelectric gadgets. Notwithstanding the reasons for auxiliary damping or vitality gathering, their mechanical parts in the structures are comparable. Figure 2 gives a diagram of the three types of energy associated with these gadgets. These three structures are: mechanical, electrical, and thermal. The initial two are connected by the bi-directional piezoelectric transducer. Simultaneously, either mechanical or electrical energy can be changed over into thermal energy by dispersal components, for example, mechanical dampers or electrical resistors. When the energy is dispersed, i.e., changed into heat, it won't be recouped in the gadgets, along these lines dissipative change is uni-directional.

From the energy stream that appeared in Figure 12, we can sift through three ways. With path 1, mechanical energy is legitimately disseminated, in this way it speaks to the capacity of mechanical energy dispersal. path 2 and path 3 both go through the 'piezoelectric bridge', changing over a part of the mechanical energy into electrical energy. They contrast in that a portion of the electrical energy is changed over into heat by means of path 2, while some of it is changed over by means of path 3 into energy storage. In this manner, path 2 is identified with energy dispersal in an electrical manner, or quickly electrical energy dissemination; path 3 is identified with electrical energy collecting.

Figure 12: Energy flow chart of piezoelectric devices

Mechanical dissemination appears to be random to piezoelectric transducers, however, indeed, they have some connection. Since piezoelectric transducers are bi-directional, sometimes, for example, dynamic obliged layer damping treatment and dynamic inactive crossover piezoelectric systems, piezoelectric components are utilized to stifle the mechanical vibration to upgrade mechanical energy dissemination. The three paths in Figure 12 speak to three capacities that can expel energy from the vibrating structure with the piezoelectric transducer. At least one of these capacities can occur in specific applications and cause the impact of basic damping.

Business Model Canvas:

		*Designed for:*		*Version*:
Business Model Canvas		Piezloelectricity: Harnessing Energy from Footsteps
KEY PARTNERS	KEY ACTIVITIES	VALUE PROPOSITIONS	CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS	CUSTOMER SEGMENTS
1. Piezoelectric Manufacturers 2. Battery Manufacturers 3. Iron-Frame Manufacturers 4. Public organizations like: Railway stations and Metro stations	1. Mechanical Energy through Footstep 2. Piezoelectric Polarization/Depolarization. 3. Generating of Electric Power 4. Harvesting in Battery 5. Used to light the Railway and Metro Stations.	Generation of Electric power problems like: 1. Shortage of Electricity 2. Saving Electric Power 3. Non-renewable energy harvesting source	1. Seminars to explain the payback and savings from the implementation of the project. 2. Explain functioning of electric circuits 3. Making people aware about energy saving and conservation	1. Railway Stations. 2. Metro Stations. 3. Commercial Buildings 4. Schools/Colleges
	KEY RESOURCES		CHANNELS
	1. Electric Circuit Design Knowledge 2. Circuit Making 3. Mechanical Design		1. Seminars to public professionals like those of Railway and Metros 2. Making general public aware of energy conservation and harvesting 3. Starting from small scale implementation
COST STRUCTURE			REVENUE STREAMS
1. Iron Frame 2. Piezoelectric Material 3. Circuit 4. Plywood			1. Quantity 2. Quanlity 3. Real-time Market

Key Partners:

1. Piezoelectric Manufacturers:

Since we aim on making a design which harnesses large amount of energy, piezoelectric manufacturers are needed for large scale production of piezoelectric crystals.

2. Battery Manufacturers:

Large production of batteries would be needed as a power source to get the circuit running

3. Iron-Frame Manufacturers:

It is essential that the circuit should be well protected and durable to the pressure being exerted from the top.

4. Public organizations like:

Railway stations and Metro stations These organizations always have crowd and will harness greater energy.

Value Propositions:

Generation of Electric power problems like:

1. Shortage of Electricity:

With the current condition of energy crisis and the usage of non-renewable resources, we are finding a huge shortage of power and electricity in the world.

2. Saving Electric Power:

With the increase in population, saving electrical energy is highly essential and we have been trying to find out alternative renewable sources of electricity

3. Non-renewable energy harvesting source:

Piezoelectricity is a solution as it is a renewable energy source which converts kinetic energy into electricity which can be used to powerup the infrastructure.

Key Resources:

1. Electric Circuit Design Knowledge:

A clear and precise circuit diagram would be needed to cover the large surface area of the infrastructure.

2. Circuit Making:

It consists of finding all the necessary components and the quantity needed.

3. Mechanical Design:

This includes the feasibility of the circuit and how complex it needed to be. The circuit should be strong enough to handle the pressure applied.

Customer Segments:

1. Railway Stations.

2. Metro Stations.

3. Commercial Buildings

4. Schools/Colleges

All the above-mentioned areas are always crowd and using piezoelectric power generation in crowded areas will create more power generation and can have higher output. Also, the load will be more in these areas and hence there will be more energy harness in these crowded areas.

Cost Structure:

1. Iron Frame

2. Piezoelectric Material

3. Circuit

4. Plywood

Piezoelectric power generation requires only a few materials and the cost will be only for the materials like piezoelectric sensor, battery, resistor, connecting wires, capacitor, resistor, LED, diode.

Revenue Streams:

1. Quantity

2. Quality

3. Real-time Market

Revenue streams depends on the amount of surface area on which the piezoelectric crystals are placed and also the electricity generated from it.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The project “Piezoelectricity Power Generation” was made possible because of inestimable inputs from everyone involved, directly or indirectly. We would first like to thank our guide, Prof Danie Kingsley, who was highly instrumental in providing not only a required and innovative base for the project but also crucial and constructive inputs that helped make our final product. Our guide has helped us perform research in the specified area and improve our understanding in the area of Biobusiness and we are very thankful for his support all throughout the project.

Finally, we would like to thank Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore for providing us with a flexible choice and execution of the project and for supporting our research and execution related to the project.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Received on 21.07.2020 Modified on 19.08.2020

Research J. Science and Tech. 2020; 12(4):267-276.

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2020.00036.4